Friday, November 30, 2007

Session 2: Engaging Learning Environment with IT? (Video Discussion)

Creativity in lessons depends very much on how teachers view what needs to be taught. In S'pore, most of us grew up in an environment that seeked to transmit knowledge as if it was static. I remember being asked to do project work and research meant going to the library and sourcing for the relevant books and/or encyclopedia and trying to analyse and synthesize the different viewpoints as written in them. Pictures to be added would generally be photostated black and white copies of the books and these were then touched up by adding borders using magic ink. Times have certainly changed and in over a decade, pictures are now printed in colour with information being obtained from google. But although the medium seems to have changed, the pedagogical aspect is lacking behind.

Authenticity in terms of learning hasn't quite seeped in yet probably due to the emphasis of completing the syllabus and the type of assessment structure that we have which require us to answer questions in piecemeal due to the separation of disciplines. Even Republic Poly's problem-based learning which was meant to overcome this dissection between education and reality has issues that it is not quite authentic learning and pupils feel being "spoon-fed" with information may make them more knowledgable. But this is actually where mindset change needs to come in.

Knowledge as seen in yesterday's world is no longer about who has access to the most information being declared the winner. For information is now accessible to all. It's more about interpretation of information. It's about understanding the big ideas and making use of current and authentic scenarios in pupils lives as a springboard to teach concepts so that they can connect better with the world around them. This is the essence of the constructivist theory of building on prior knowledge. And by helping them build connections now, concepts learnt can be transferred to other unknown scenarios in the uncertain future.

Where does IT come in? Computers in the classroom must move from just being terminals for word processing but making use of spreadsheets to calculate information that could have been gleaned from the net during the lesson. Teachers role is to prepare material that guides pupils in obtaining these information for themselves. They could make use of sms/video conferencing technology that require them to sms/video answers to their teachers or even someone on the other side of the country (or even globe) to find out what the weather is there right that moment and do an interview. The use of blogs and eportfolios can be used to document their journey in learning and comment on one another's thoughts to further grow ideas. It indirectly requires them to exercise more responsibility before expressing their ideas and writing is a medium of getting the mind to synthesize what their have learnt.

However in coming back to creating an engaging learning environment, it's about knowing what is the big idea expected in the curriculum. Teachers must be given the time and space to know what needs to be taught and experience counts. Those who are still grasping the content to be taught won't have the time to come up with new ways of teaching and combining different aspects of the curriculum into coherent parts. This is a real issue for teachers that need to teach different levels within the same calendar year and with frequent changes to the syllabus.

New technology can be used to improve teaching; this comes with knowing what needs to be taught first.

Thursday, November 29, 2007

Session 3: Tools for Evaluating Learning Environments

Tools I would most likely use:

Reasons for using them is that besides being reliable and valid instruments, they are most relevant to understanding the classroom environment in terms of the climate created by the teacher and also seeks pupils' thoughts of how they are also contributing towards the atmosphere. For the classroom of the today is one where there is a lot of interaction and students are more vocal leading to more "power" especially from secondary school age onwards. CLES ties in nicely with the general shift towards engaging learners and helping them to view education as a means to understanding the world, hence the current adoption (fad?) of pedagogies such as Understanding by Design (UbD) and Teaching for Understanding (TFU).

Other tools that can be considered include:

  • Learning Environment Inventory (LEI) - earliest instrument
  • Classroom Environment Scale (CES) - Teacher Support, Rule Clarity
  • Individualised Classroom Environment Questionnaire(ICEQ) - Personalisation, Differentiation
  • My Class Inventory (MCI) - for 8-12 years and lower literacy levels
  • College and University Classroom Environment Inventory (CUCEI) - college and above, in small classes

IT related:

  • Computer Classroom Environment Inventory (CCEI)
  • Distance and Open Learning Environment Survey (DOLES)
  • On-line Learning Classroom Environment Questionnaire (OLCEQ)
  • E-learning Classroom Environment Questionnaire (ELCEQ)

Subject related:

However rather than just evaluating what the environment is, active steps must be taken to improve the environment for the benefit of the students. Environments such as physical could be improved either through collaboration with other teachers in the scenario of shared classrooms or specially designed to reflect the subject in home rooms. The domain within the scope of the individual teachers resides in conducted lessons. This has to be done in consultation with the class (depending on the age) and amalgamated with the teacher's personal style so that both can be comfortable. But more often than not, teachers are the ones who are reluctant to change either because they are "experienced", takes too much effort or are just oblivious to what is really going on in the classroom.

There have been attempts in the education ministry to help school leaders to understand the school climate either from the views of the teachers through the School Climate Survey (SCS) or from the pupils through the use of the Quality of School Experience (QSE). The former at least is useful as school leaders can improve results by evaluating the type of answers given to particular questions. The QSE however is one where even the school leaders have no idea what is being asked but are just given general trends. This result is actually useful if only teachers could know what are the exact nature of the questions are as these may be skewed towards a certain perspective that the ministry has in mind which is only implicitly mentioned.

Thus it's often not just the reliability or validity of the tools used, but understanding and reading more into the exact nature of the results. For example, my results for my own 360 degree feedback was slightly mixed. On closer examination, I realised that there was an obvious outlier in one of the categories which proved that the respondent misread the scale. For good statistical analysis, it should have been removed before calculations but it was just included in.

Some Vocab to Note:

  • Actual vs Preferred
  • Class vs Personal

A good tool must be coupled with at least a basic understanding of statistics.

Wednesday, November 28, 2007

Session 1: A short comparison between S'pore & NZ LE

When i was visiting some schools in New Zealand a few months back, I noticed that the physical environment was very people oriented. There was that sense of community-spiritedness. Walls are adorned with photos of students and one gets the idea that it's not just names of people but actual people instead. Just look around most school foyers and you may know what i mean.

S'pore's school climate reeks of achievement and meritocracy with a strong economic focus. In NZ, the community is upheld so much that it's part of school life to tie curriculum goals with community projects so that they can raise funds for the less fortunate. Our students on the other hand, have to be pushed to perform CIP.

But that said, the learning environment is very much tied once again to the educational outcome that we wish to see. Use cooperative learning strategies and you'll develop pupils to learn to work together. Use a traditional lecture-type approach and you'll get pupils who are generally more docile. The latter may have worked in the past due to the need for obedient workers in manufacturing companies but the need for creativity in the service industry, where our students will be in demands a learning environment that encourages them to voice their opinions yet combined with adequate knowledge.

Tuesday, November 27, 2007

Session 1: Effectiveness of a learning environment

The fundamental goal of learning would be about enhancing cognitive learning potential and/or collaborative processes (Whidschitl, 2002).

Effectiveness has to take into account the objective that LE is created for. Different learning objectives would dictate instructional methods as would different disciplines naturally subscribing to different environments.

Take for example if the objective was to develop students creativity through the use of ICT. If the design was such that students product has to be a PowerPoint presentation as opposed to one where students could expressed themselves freely either through blogs, podcasts etc, it is obvious which one is more effective.

If the teacher is one that encourages students participation in class through the use of wait time and good questioning skills, students would feel more at ease at voicing their opinions. However if the teacher is unable to facilitate discussions well, students would take over the lesson and much time could be wasted. In addition, students who are less vocal or academically weaker may feel embarrassed to speak up resulting in teachers thinking that they are not paying attention or are just plain freeloaders.

The classroom learning environment can also be affected by outside influences. A good partnership with parents may lead to pupils paying more attention in class as pupils may feel that their parents are concerned about their learning. This is one of the goals of the No Child Left Behind Act in US.

Thus how a student copes with the environment (both in and out of a classroom) created by a teacher determines in part its effectiveness, and this could be partly seen through results. I say, partly as assessments are primarily targeted at curriculum / knowledge based goals and not the social emotional aspects.

Session 2: Design of Learning Environments

In general, there are two main categories of environments.

1. Curriculum / Pedagogy related

  • Learner centred where we build on learners pre-requisite knowledge (including culture and shared life experiences) and help them construct need meaning. Diagnostic teaching aids in the creation of such an environment.
  • Knowledge centred whose goal is to help students understanding knowledge for transference through developmentally appropriate activities
  • Assessment centred which evaluates student learning (summative) or provide feedback and revision on learning goals (formative)
  • Community / Social centred where students learn from one another

2. Learning Needs related

  • Psychological (based on Maslow's hierarchy)
  • Physical layout based on the Human Dynamics theory where Physical Emotional students (which encompasses most S'poreans) are affected by the architecture, layout, décor and school facilities. Hence they impact those with with emotional or behavioural difficulties.

Session 1: Podcasting Notes

Key Terms
· School climate – holistic collection perceived by school members
· School culture – usual practices in an organisation
· Perception – how individuals view

Learning environment influences:

1. the person: belonging, empowerment, cooperation

2. personal needs (Maslow’s hierarchy): http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Maslow

3. human behaviour

Thursday, November 1, 2007

The Beginnings

This is the start of my classroom learning environment journey.

Dr Quek's Spot: http://drquek.blogspot.com

Session 1
Design of Learning Environment
http://www.usc.edu/programs/cet/private/pdfs/How_People_Learn_6.pdf
Emergent Design and Learning Environments: Building on indigenous knowledge
http://web.media.mit.edu/~cavallo/cavallo_emergent_design.pdf
Aspects of Effective Learning Environments
http://www-distance.syr.edu/ndacelech1.html
Learning Environment for 21st Century
http://www.teachernet.gov.uk/teachingandlearning/library/learningenvironment/
Video: Indicators - Engaging Learning Environment
http://www.ncrel.org/engauge/framewk/efp/environ/efpenvsu.htm

Session 2
Classroom environment research and possibilities
http://www.iier.org.au/qjer/qjer.html

Session 3
Development, validation and use of the Online Learning Environment Survey
http://www.ascilite.org.au/ajet/ajet21/trinidad.html